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OBESITY
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endnotes
Roberta J. Park
endnotes
1. Recent Advances in Obesity Research:
Proceedings of the 1st International
Congress on Obesity, 8-11 October 1974
(London: Newman Publishing Co., 1975).
2. The eleventh International Congress
on Obesity is scheduled to take place
in Sweden in 2010.
3. Claude Bouchard, ed. Physical
Activity and Obesity (Champaign,
IL: Human Kinetics, 2000), 1.
4. Ibid., 3.
5. Excessive release of cortisol.
7. See Harvey Levenstein, Revolution
at the Table: The Transformation of
the American Diet (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1988).
8. See Sigehisa Kuriyama, The
Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence
of Greek and Chinese Medicine (New
York: Zone Books, 1999), 10-11.
9. www.em.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity
13. Brain/lungs; winter; water; calm,
unemotional
14. See for example, Niki Papavramidou
and Spiros T. Papavramidou, “Methods
Used by the Hippocratic Physicians for
Weight Reduction,” World Journal
of Surgery, 28 (2004), 513-517;
K. Y. Guggenheim, Basic Issues in
the History of Nutrition (Jerusalem:
Akademia University Press, 1990), 9-10.
15. See for example, P. K. Skiadas
and J. G. Lascaratos, “Dietetics
in Ancient Greek Philosophy: Plato’s
Concepts of Healthy Diet,” European
Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
55 (2001), 532-537.
16. Http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.8.eight.html.
17. Robert Montraville Green, A
Translation of Galen’s Hygiene--De
Sanitate Tuenda, (Springfield,
IL: Charles C. Thomas, Publishers, 1951);
Niki Papavramidou, Spiros T. Papavramidis,
and Niki Papavramidou, “Galen
on Obesity: Etiology, Effects, and Treatment,”
World Journal of Surgery, 28
(2004), 631-635. Galen’s treatise
On Hygiene (De Sanitate Tuenda) contains
an extensive section on “Exercise
and Massage.
19. George Cheyne, A Treatise on
Health and Long Life, 10th edition
(William Kidd, 1738), 1.
Obesity apparently was also a problem
for a number of Cheyne’s contemporaries.
According to the noted medical historian
Roy Porter, many kept detailed diaries
in the hope of “shaming themselves
into mending their ways.” See
for example, Roy Porter and Dorothy
Porter, In Sickness and In Health:
The British Experience, 1650-1850
(New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 30-31.
20. Ibid., p. 15 (summarized on pages
xviii and 56)
21. See also Steven Shapin, “Trusting
George Cheyne: Scientific Expertise,
Common Sense, and Moral Authority in
Eighteenth-Century Dietetic Medicine,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine,
77 (2003), 263-297; Roberta J. Park,
“Concern for Health and Exercise
as Expressed in the Writings of Eighteenth
Century Physicians and Informed Laymen
(England, France, Switzerland),”
Research Quarterly, 47 (1976),
756-767.
22. See for example, Roberta J. Park,
“‘The Advancement of Learning’:
Expressions of Concern for Health and
Exercise in English Proposals for Educational
Reform, 1640-1660,” Canadian
Journal of Sport and Physical,
8 (1977), 51-61.
24. See John Duffy, The Sanitarians:
A History of American Public Health
(Urbana: University of Illinois
Press, 1990); George Rosen, A History
of Public Health (Baltimore: The
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993),
chpts. 4, 5 & 6.
25. William Wadd, Comments on Corpulence,
Lineaments of Leanness: Mems on Diet
and Dietetics (London: John Ebers
& Co., 1829), 39-46.
26. Ibid., p. 168.
27. Ibid, p. 79.
28. Ibid., p.162.
29. Thomas John Graham, Sure Methods
of Improving Health and Prolonging Life;
or a Treatise on the Art of Living Long
and Comfortably by Regulating the Diet
and Regimen (London: Simpkin and
Marshall, 1828), chapter 1, especially
109-132.
30. Ibid., pp. 174
31. Ibid., pp. 212-213.
32. Edward Hitchcock, Dyspepsy
Forstalled and Resisted: Or Lectures
on Diet, Regimen, and Employment,
2nd edition (Amherst: J. S. & C.
Adams, 1831), 29-31, 39, 48-51; passim.
33. Ibid., 203-228.
34. See Fred Eugene Leonard, A
Guide to the History of Physical Education
(Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1923),
272-274.
35. On the extent of community recreation
programs that once existed see: Roberta
J. Park, “‘Boys’ Clubs
Are Better Than Policemen’s Clubs’:
Endeavors By Philanthropists, Social
Reformers, and Others to Prevent Juvenile
Crime, the Late 1800s to 1917,”
International Journal of the History
of Sport, 24: 6 (2007), 749-775
and Roberta J. Park, “Bridging
the Gap Between Knowledge and Practice:
Or When Americans Really Built Programs
to Foster Healthy Lifestyles, 1918-1940,”
International Journal of the History
of Sport, 25: 11 (2008), 1-26.
36. See for example Kenneth Carpenter,
Protein and Energy: A Study of Changing
Ideas (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1994). One of the most useful
sources for gaining an overview of such
matters is W. F. Bynum, E. J. Browne,
and Roy Porter, Dictionary of the
History of Science (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
37. See Gordon Edlin and Eric Golanty,
Health and Wellness: A Holistic
Approach, 3rd ed (Boston: Jones
and Bartlett, 1988), 4.
38. Initially the Western Health Reform
Institute.
39. On Graham, Kellogg, and Fletcher
see: James C. Whorton, Crusaders
for Fitness: The History of American
Health Reformers (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1982) and
Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health,
Fitness, Sport and American Society
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1986).
40.39. Henry T. Finck, Girth Control:
For Womanly Beauty, Manly Strength,
Health and Long Life for Everybody
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1923).
41. William Harvey, On Corpulence
in Relation to Disease: With Some Remarks
on Diet (London: Renshaw, 1872).
42. Such matters are set forth in
the first twelve pages of William Banting,
Letter on Corpulence, Addressed
to the Public (San Francisco: A.
Romanb and Co., 1865), which is a reprint
of the third London edition. See,also,
http://homodiet.netfirms.com/otherssay/letters/banting.htm
43. Nathaniel Davies, Foods for
the Fat: A Treatise on Corpulency and
a Dietary for its Cure (Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott, 1889), vi; 46.
44. Ibid., p. 84.
45. Gustave Gaertner, Reducing
Weight Comfortably: The Dietetic Treatment
of Obesity (Philadelphia &
London: J. B. Lippincott, 1914), 3.
46. Ibid., chpt. 11.
47. Although the chemistry related
to such matters was still were unknown,
many of Gaertner’s conjectures
would prove to be fairly sound.
48. Gaertner, Reducing Weight
Comfortably, p. 44.
49. Ibid., pp. 130-131; 175-184.
50. Ibid., p. 156-157. (Although Scottish
naval surgeon James Lind in 1747 had
found that a nutrient in citrus foods
could prevent scurvy, vitamins were
not discovered until the early 1900s.)
51. Ibid., p. 60. Gaertner was not
adverse to spinach, kale, endives, cabbage,
cauliflower, celery, kohlrabi, green
beans, peas, turnips, or carrots; but
did not think they had much nutritive
value.
52. Ibid., chapter 4 and passim
53. Ibid., p 79 and passim
54. Ibid., chpt., 24.
55. Leonard Williams, Obesity (London:
Oxford University Press), v.
56. Heckel also recognized the importance
of active exercise, writing works such
La Culture Physique et Cures d’Exercise
(1913).
57. Now taken over by MEDLINE (which
currently includes 5,246 journals).
58. See Thomas N. Bonner, American
Doctors and German Universities: A Chapter
in International Intellectual Relations,
1870-1914 (Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1963 and Thomas N.
Bonner, Becoming a Physician in
Britain, France, Germany, and the United
States, 1750-1945 (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1995).
59. Hugo Rony, Obesity and Leanness
(Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger,
1940), 5.
60. Ibid., 80-81.
61. Ibid., 265-266; 268.
62. Frederic A. Woll, Hygiene
the Optometrist Ought to Know (New
York: Frederic A. Woll, 1921), chpt.
5. A typical “light lunch”
was: lettuce and tomato salad with a
roll; tapioca or custard pudding; and
a glass of milk.
63. Ibid., chpt. 7.
64. Stanley M. Rinehart, The Commonsense
of Health (Garden City, NY: Garden
City Publishing Co., 1924), chapter
11.
65. Philip B. Hawk, Streamline
for Health, (New York: Harper and
Brothers, 1935).
66. Morris Fishbein, “The Craze
for Reducing,” in Morris Fishbein
and Wendell C. Phillips, eds. Your
Weight and How to Control It (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, and Co.,
1929), 23-27. (In 1823 sugar had accounted
for less than two percent of the American
diet; in 1929 it accounted for nearly
twenty-two percent)
67. James Edward Roger, “The
Lost Art of Play,” Hygeia
(May 1926), 263-265; Helen Smith, “Natural
Gymnastics in the Public Schools,”
Hygeia (October 1925), 547-548;
Alfred Parker, “Building Healthy
Boys,” Hygeia (September
1928), 500-503; and Mabel Wood, “Public
Recreation–A Health Source,”
Hygeia (August 1924), 508-510
68. Lydia Allen DeVilbiss, “The
Home Treatment of Obesity,” Hygeia
(September 1925), 496-501.
69. Wood, “Public Recreation–A
Health Source.”
70. “Playgrounds and Indoor
Centers,” Recreation
(April 1936), 102-103.
71. Charles W. Hackensmith, History
of Physical Education (New York:
Harper and Row, 1966), 414.
72. Horace Gray, “Obesity in
the Adolescent Cured Without Injections.”
Journal of the American Medical
Association, 10: 18 (1938), 1430-1433.
73. http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2002pres/20021015c
74. JoAnn Manson, M. D.,“Obesity
in the United States, ” Journal
of the American Medical Association,
January 8, 2003.
75. http://ww.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/obesity_in_children_and_teens
76. L. T. Lam and L. Yang, “Overweight/Obesity
and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity
Disorder Tendency Among Adolescents
in China,” International Journal
of Obesity, 31 (2007), 584-590.
77. CDC. “Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance–United States, 2005,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
2006; 55 (SS-5), 1-108. See: www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/physical
activity/ guidelines/summary.htm
78. www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/physicalactivity/guidelines/summary.htm
79. Ibid.
80.77. US Department of Health and
Human Services, Physical Activity
and Health: A Report of the Surgeon
General (Atlanta, GA: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National
Center for Chronic Disease Prevention
and Health Promotion, 1996), v.
81. Harold W. Kohl III et al, “Physical
Activity and Public Health: The Emergence
of a Subdiscipline----Report from the
International Congress on Physical Activity
and Public Health, April 17-24, 2006,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA,” Journal
of Physical Activity and Health,
3 (2006): 344-364.
82. R. C. G. Kemper, “Role of
the Pediatric Exercise Scientist in
Physical Education, Sports Training
and Physiotherapy,” International
Journal of Sports Medicine, 21
(2000):S118-124.
83. For example, C. Tudor-Locke, B.
E. Ainsworth, L. S. Adair, S. Du, and
B. M. Popkin, “Physical Activity
and Inactivity in Chinese School-Aged
Youth: The China Health and Nutrition
Survey,” International Journal
of Obesity, 27 (2003), 1093-1099.
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